Contrasts in Royall Tylers Play The Contrast - 718 Words

Literature There are a number of contrasts that can be found in Royall Tylers play entitled The Contrast that was initially performed in the United States in 1787. In many respects, this dramatic work seeks to compare the character and nature of the old world (Europe), with that of the new world (America). To that end, the author has various cast members represent ideas that are based on (American) perceptions of these two continents. One can assume that Tyler did not waste a considerable amount of time attempting to veil the notions that he wanted his characters to represent. One contrast in characterization that is highly integral to this dramatic work is that found between Manly and Dimple van Dumpling. As the latters last name implies, he is European; as his first name implies, he is somewhat soft and buffoonish. He is used to typify everything that is wrong with Europe. Van Dumplings character is contrasted with Manly who, true as his name implies, is a war veteran (of the Colonial War, at that) and who is definitely American. Both of these men find themselves vying for the affection of a lovely young woman named Maria. Manly, of course, triumphs and claims Maria as his own, which of course symbolizes Americas triumph over Europe not only in the Revolutionary War but as a growing world power, as well. Hasty Pudding is a play that was written by Joel Barlow and which is representative of themes that are similar to Tylers The Contrast. In this dramatic war, theShow MoreRelatedA Patriotic Hero- The Contrast578 Words   |  2 PagesRoyall Tyler was an intelligent man, that although he wasnt specifically interested in writing dramatic fiction, has been claimed as the first to ever create an authentic American play. His ability to write clearly and professionally allowed the first American play to become a huge hit in its time and still stands as one of the best dramas to read and watch today. This is seen in a comment made by Amanda Dollack, this play offers a fantastic glimpse into the American culture during Tylers timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Contrast 2130 Words   |  9 PagesIn 1787, Royall Tyler released a play to the newly established American republic titled â€Å"The Contrast.† This was the first play to be completely written and performed by Americans, mak ing it the first truly American play. At this point in the early republic, there was a large movement to make the early republic separate from the rest of the word. According to Kenneth Silverman in his work â€Å"A Cultural History of the American Revolution, literature was being advertised as being written by an American

The Moral Principles Of The Army - 768 Words

Army Doctrine Reference Publication 1-0 states, â€Å"living by and upholding the moral principles of the Army Ethic† is the foundation to our profession. An organization cannot survive if there are no foundation for morals. The organization will internally implode. This is a critical fact for the Army. Individuals that do not have a foundation that aligns with the Army’s foundation is detrimental to the organization. The purpose for this short paper is to explore the fundamentals of our profession; examine the need for structure; how to return to basics of the profession; who needs to enforce standards; finally, implementing a culture change within the Army. Army leaders have categorized the four problems that currently plague the Army Established on July 14, 1775, United States Army emerged during the conflict between the French and Indians. The Army, created to fight and win our Nation’s wars, has experienced its fair share of battle. July 4, 1776, marked a change that would require the Army’s engagement. The Declaration of Independence, signed by 56 individuals from 13 colonies documented that day their high treason (â€Å"The Price†, 2013). Every original signer and their family were now targets. These individuals, identified by the King of England, became the hunted. Many were tortured and killed. In 1776, Congress appointed George Washington as the Commander and Chief of the Army. Standards and regulatory guidance began developing shortly after WashingtonShow MoreRelatedKant on Moral Duty1066 Words   |  4 PagesKant: â€Å"Moral Duty† Kant describes the moral dilemma of telling a lie. Kant applies that the meaning behind the false claim is what determines its morality or whether it shall be accepted. The morality of the act relies upon whether it is â€Å"clever† and self-benefitting act or whether it is a matter of duty to make the false promise. (Kant, p. 431) He claims that one commits the act of lying in order to free themselves from a their current situations of disadvantageousness; however, it is importantRead MoreU.s. Armys Collective Team Efforts1291 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"This We’ll Defend† (U.S. Army Moto) are the words that encapsulate the ideals of the United States Army. Each word is meaningful. This refers to the United States, the U. S. Constitution and liberty. We ll references the army s collective team efforts, and defend refers to the primary function of the army as a defender of the nation, not an aggressor against others. () It was first used by the War Office of the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and it hasRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte On The Military Revolution1531 Words   |  7 Pagesstruggle between the different parties inside the country. The ratio of crimes increase rapidly and the country become an arena for revenge and executions. The principle of the revolution didn’t fully apply, revolution was in a real danger of fail. but even that ,and in the same time France maintain an acceptable and convenient army which could prevent the challenges from the neighborhood state around France which considered the ideas of the French revolution are endangering their regimeRead MoreThe Army As A Profession Of Arms1283 Words   |  6 PagesOver centuries, the Army established and continues to validate itself as a Profession of Arms. As a department of the US Military, the Army earns this title by providing the unique service of defending the Constitution and the American people. In order to be a Profession of Arms then, the Soldiers that fill the Army’s ranks must be professionals. These professionals are morally and legally bound by the Army ethics to constantly develop their occupation specialties and apply them â€Å"ethically, effectivelyRead MoreColonel (Col) Michael Steele’s Toxic Principles934 Words   |  4 Pagescultivated a command climate focused on three core principles: personal protection, precision, and lethality. Although these three core principles narrowly aligned with the Armys Soldiers Creed, Col Steele’s principles did not reinforce the Army’s individual and organizational core values. 3rd Brigade’s disassociated ethical subculture fostered a toxic environment which compromised both subordinate commanders and individual soldiers moral standards to various extents. Col Steele’s vague guidanceRead MoreMoral Philosophy And Its Strength And Weaknesses1350 Words   |  6 PagesA system of moral principles is a definition of ethics in a culture or a group. Principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong are one definition of moral. In this essay, I will search for my principles and how I ought to live my life. What do I believe in and how do I apply this in my duty as a human being, as a father, husband and a military officer. In other words, I will search for my moral philosophy. Furthermore, I will explain my moral philosophy and itsRead MoreThe World s Biggest Ethical Mistakes1093 Words   |  5 Pagesreturns to the owners of the company† (Sun). To everyone’s fascination, however, the company made one of the world’s biggest ethical mistakes. During the human rights dilemma in Burma, Unocal helped break one of the four key moral standards of life: Respect everyone’s moral rights. Even though Unocal may not have directly given out the orders that created the dispute, it was in the company’s best interest to remove the Karen people from their rural homes in the South (Velasquez 125 and Brown 146)Read MoreNapoleons Warfare Strategies And Tactics On Modern Day Warfare1275 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose is to point out the impacts of Napoleon’s warfare strategies and tactics on modern day warfare. It will analyze the principles Napoleon used during his era, and they in clude the theory of nationalism, creation of the corps’ system and leading disciplined and professional armies. The principle of the theory of nationalism is all about being patriotic. Napoleon used this principle during his time and it is highly implemented by military today. Nationalism refers to being loyal and devoted to one’sRead More Terrorism and the Just War Tradition Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesethical calculus, in which moral reasoning and rigorous empirical analysis are meant to work together, in order to provide guidance to public authorities on whom the responsibilities of decision-making fall. This essay will study the tradition and apply it to the Sept. 11 aftermath.    From its beginnings in St. Augustine, just-war thinking has been based on the presumption -- better, the classic moral judgment -- that rightly-constituted public authorities have the moral duty to pursue justiceRead MoreRichard Hare s Moral Judgement1686 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Richard Hare is one of most foremost contemporary defenders of utilitarianism today. He is committed to the principle of utility - to the act which does more good, gives greater benefit, or which satisfies more preferences, or the stronger of two or more preferences.† (Hare, 1981). This essay will discuss how the Philosopher, Richard Hare, derives preference utilitarianism from moral judgement aspects such as prescriptivity and universalizability using various different example(s) to explain and

Restructuring Strategy of a Construction Company Free-Sample

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Restructuring Strategy of a Construction Company. Answer: Introduction: The main purpose of the assignment is to study employment relations, organizational theories and managerial theories in the light of an organization. The secondary aim is to analyze these theories in the light of a case study. The case study is set in the background of Wollongong trucking yard owned by the Top Trucking Company. The case contrasts between the managerial patterns of two managers, the autocratic style of the old yard manager and the transformational style of the new manager. The conditions of the drivers under these two managerial styles outline the differences between them. The assignment also points out how the motivation theories of Herzberg and Maslow can be applied to motivate workers. The importance of trade unions and their role in employee betterment has also found importance in the study. The assignment has three sections which delves into the various theories of organization and their application in the workplaces. The first section points out how the workplace changes brought about by the new manager complement each other in improving the work culture of the yard. The second section contrasts between the leadership style of the old manager and the new manager. This section outlines how a transfer of the new manager or George, the trade union representative may affect the drivers. The final section compared between the role of the blue collar unions and the public and private in bringing about positive changes in the work culture. The new changes in the trucking complement each other: The new manager supported by the new management introduced a number of positive changes that complemented each other. He introduced transformative managerial style and bring about innovations and changes in the operations of trucking yard. His changes though initially created a bit of conflict among the drivers, brought about positive results which were accepted by the drivers (Nye, 2014). The new manager using his transformational leadership style and transparent communication involved the drivers and the union representatives in order to deal with tough situations. He took a more rational approach to problems and involved the driver in solving the problems. The new manager also took steps to improve the safety and security of the drivers in work (Carmeli et al., 2014). The drivers also received training in modern techniques and customer services which enhanced their skills and confidence. The management gave the drivers uniforms and installed a new computer system in the warehouse. The new manager ensured participation from the union person, George and the drivers. This step of the manager enabled better communication between them and the management (Hashim, 2015). The manager discussed things with the union representative to seek his views instead of letting him interfere in the trucking yards operations. This step taken by the manager made the drivers feel free from the clutches of the union and made the inefficient drivers who supported the union resign. The introduction of the uniform motivated the drivers and made them feel important. Their participation the problem solving and decision making process also boosted their motivation. It must be pointed out that according to Herzbergs theory, better company policies and improved relationship act as motivating factors (Band et al., 2016). The increase in safety and training boosted their self confidences and increased their self esteem (Hung Petrick, 2016). They initially were apprehensive about the outcome of the changes but later accepted them when they saw their benefits. The new manager instead of following an autocratic managerial style of introducing changes trained the drivers. This step taken by the new manager minimized the chances of conflict (Hajro, Gibson Pudelko, 2017). The new manager under the modernization theory modernized the operations in the yard and improved driver conditions (Glynn Taplin, 2013). The new manager communicated the information about performances of the truck yard and challenges with the drivers and the union representative. The drivers thus felt that they were a part of the company and worked harder to improve their performances. They were no more blamed for the problems and were encouraged to participate to solve them which complemented the open discussion policy introduced by the new manager. Thus, it can be said that the new workplace practices like open discussion, safety measures, training and the introduction of the uniform complemented one another. They all contributed to increase of motivation and self esteem among the drivers. This made the drivers work harder which increased their productivity. The drivers look upon the increased market position and productivity as rewards for their efforts (Stavrinos et al., 2016). Sustaining of the changes if George or the new manager moved on: The new manager brought about positive changes which improved the working conditions and performance of the trucking yard. He involved George, the union representative in the problem solving processes as if he were a part of the company. This made George get involved in the improvement measures which once again helped the drivers. However, moving on of the new manager or George would pose threat to the sustainability of the new changes and their positive effects. The following comparison will help in outlining the risk of sustainability of the positive workplace changes brought about by George and the new manager (Yamanashi et al., 2016). The old management style: The old manager followed an autocratic style of leadership and ill-treated the drivers. The owners did not take interest in the renovation of the fleet and safety of the drivers. The presence of the inefficient drivers caused conflicts, accidents and breakdowns which affected the performances. The manager did not take initiatives to resolve conflicts, improve the work culture or motivate the drivers. The new transformational management: The new owner of Wollongong Yard bought new trucks and installed new computer system to improve management of the warehouses. The drivers got new uniform which increased their motivation. The new manager involved both the drivers and the union representative George in the day to day management of the yard. He encouraged participation and communication among the two groups which helped in conflict management. He gave training to the drivers which improved their productivity. The new manager sought participation of George while George on his supported him. A comparison to outline the risks to the sustainable measures: A comparison between the old management scenario and the new transformation management scenario shows that the new scenario is far better and beneficial to the yard. The case study also speaks about a probable movement of the new manager to the headquarters. This movement may prove detrimental to the new positive changes. The next manager may not follow the transformation leadership style of the new which will hamper the performance of the yard as a whole. The next manager may establish autocratic managerial style like the old manager and deprive the drivers of the important position they have acquired (Chege, Wachira Mwenda, 2015). The new manager and George act in coordination to ensure the participation of the employees and were dependent on each other. Thus, it can be opined that relocation of the new manager may reduce the importance of George and the drivers. Again, a relocation of George will affect the performance of the new manager. George got involved with the new manager and the drivers in the problem solving processes of the yard. He was instrumental in creating a transparent communication channel between the manager, drivers and the union which helped to avoid conflict. Relocation of George may result in involvement of a union representative who may not cooperate with the new manager. He may instead use his position to fulfill the demands of the trade union and control its in their favour. Thus it would again result in autocratic management of the union and the new manager may lose his say. The union rule may result in undermining of drivers safety and efficiency. It may also give rise to efficiency, conflict among the groups involved and loss of productivity. Hence, relocation of the new manager or George will hamper the sustainable changes while will result in loss of goodwill of the yard (DiStaso et al., 2011). Blue collar unions vs. public sector unions: The blue collar unions are less likely to bring about positive changes compared to the public or private unions. The blue collar union members are mostly fight for the rights of the employees involved in construction, technical installation, custodial works and so on. They are often qualified and have specialized training, licensing and certification. The blue collar union workers are often salaried people who get salary every month. As opposed to the blue collar unions the public unions are present in almost all the industries irrespective of their types. For example, the Public Service Union of the United Kingdom play the important role of ensuring minimum wages for the employees, improving work safety and many other rights (Barcevicius, Weishaupt Zeitlin, 2014 ). The unions play a very crucial role and enjoy legal rights according to the constitutions. The Australian Council of Trade Union works towards improving the living standards of the workers. They fight for social security systems like medical allowances and trainings of the workers (Actu.org.au, 2017). A comparison between the blue collar unions like the Transport workers union and the public unions reveal that the blue collar union members are professionally trained and salaried people. The public unions like the Australian Council of Trade Unions on the other hand are not necessarily qualified and are not salaried. These union workers fight for the right wage payments for the factory labours. The public unions are more likely to fight for bringing about workplace changes. The case study reveals that the drivers did not have any power under the previous management in spite of the presence of George, the representative of the Transport Workers Union. They did not receive any training and the management did not enforce rules for their safety. The representative did not bargain for the rights of these driver and the inefficient drivers hampered productivity. Hence, in the light of the above case it can be opined that presence of public unions could have bargained for the safety measu res to benefit the workers(Esping-Andersen, 2013). Conclusion: The study shows that the dynamic work culture today requires transformational managerial style. A comparison between the leadership styles of the two managers prove that autocratic leadership hampers productivity as it does not encourage employee participation. It can be reiterated that motivation and participation of the employees is very crucial to bring about changes in the organizational culture. The following recommendations can be made in the light of the case study and the theories applied: The management should not relocate the new manager and the union should not relocate George. The two people and dynamic and encourage employee participation in the decision making process. Their cooperation and coordination motivate the drivers and increase their self esteem. Their presence is very crucial to sustain the positive changes in the working conditions of the factory. References: Actu.org.au. (2017). About the ACTU. [online] Available at: https://www.actu.org.au/about-the-actu/about-the-actu [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Band, G., Shah, N. V., Sriram, R., Appliances, E. (2016). Herzberg Two Factor Theory among the Management Faculty in Nagpur City. InInternational Conference on Management and Information Systems September(Vol. 23, p. 24). Barcevicius, E., Weishaupt, T., Zeitlin, J. (Eds.). (2014).Assessing the open method of coordination: institutional design and national influence of EU social policy coordination. Springer. Carmeli, A., Sheaffer, Z., Binyamin, G., Reiter?Palmon, R., Shimoni, T. (2014). Transformational leadership and creative problem?solving: the mediating role of psychological safety and reflexivity.The Journal of Creative Behavior,48(2), 115-135. Chege, A. N., Wachira, A., Mwenda, L. (2015). Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organization Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi.Management and Administrative Sciences Review,4(3), 593-600. DiStaso, M. W., McCorkindale, T., Wright, D. K. (2011). How public relations executives perceive and measure the impact of social media in their organizations.Public Relations Review,37(3), 325-328. Esping-Andersen, G. (2013).The three worlds of welfare capitalism. John Wiley Sons. Glynn, P. J., Taplin, R. (2013). The essential role of employment and the workplace in climate change policy and effective disaster risk management planning. InClimate change and disaster risk management(pp. 399-409). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hajro, A., Gibson, C. B., Pudelko, M. (2017). Knowledge exchange processes in multicultural teams: Linking organizational diversity climates to teams effectiveness.Academy of Management Journal,60(1), 345-372. Hashim, J. (2015). Information communication technology (ICT) adoption among SME owners in Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Information,2(2). Hung, K., Petrick, J. F. (2016). Developing a measurement scale for cruising motivations. Nye Jr, J. S. (2014). Transformational and transactional presidents.Leadership,10(1), 118-124. Stavrinos, D., Heaton, K., Welburn, S. C., McManus, B., Griffin, R., Fine, P. R. (2016). Commercial truck driver health and safety: exploring distracted driving performance and self-reported driving skill.Workplace health safety,64(8), 369-376. Yamanashi, Y., Teramoto, M., Morimura, N., Hirata, S., Inoue-Murayama, M., Idani, G. I. (2016). Effects of relocation and individual and environmental factors on the long-term stress levels in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): monitoring hair cortisol and behaviors.PLoS One,11(7), e0160029.

Risk Perception and Analysis

Risk is perceived differently by different people. Risk assessment is important as it enables people to control and manage risks. There exist both traditional and modern methods of risk assessment. To discuss these issues, this study shall: summarize the main points made by Slovic and Clark and illustrate the difference between a cause and a mechanism by use of examples.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Perception and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Summary of the Main Points made by Slovic The persons’ extra ability to modify and to react to the environment constructs and lessens risk. Risk assessment as an area of study has developed as a result of the indefinable and hard to control nature of present hazards, particularly the modern advancement of chemical and nuclear expertise (Slovic 280). Risk assessment as a subject of study is intended to aid in categorizing, quantifying and ty pifying risk. While scientifically refined analysts make use of risk assessment to assess hazards, the best part of populace depends on instinctive risk judgment, normally known as risk perceptions. For most citizens, understanding of hazards is usually developed from the news in the media, which scrupulously manuscripts threats and fears happening all over the planet. For instance, media have made a majority of Americans, and other developed states to believe that they are prone to experiencing more risks in prospect. This has majorly impacted the economic and political development of these nations (Nelkin 38). Anthropological and sociological works reveal that the perception and receipt of risks is usually grounded on cultural and social and aspects (Douglas and Albert 236). The reaction to hazards is influenced by social controls, which are conveyed by relatives, friends, colleague staff, and esteemed government officials. Psychological study on risk perception has resulted to an invention of a cluster of psychological strategies or heuristics, which persons make use of so as to make good judgment out of an uncertain existence (Kahneman et al. 46). Even though these strategies are applicable in some situations, they can end in great and importunate prejudices, with severe repercussions for risk assessment. In addition, research points out that those early views possessed by individuals are hard to change as they control the manner in which ensuing information is construed. Thus, novel evidence seems to be reliable and edifying if it is in line with an individual’s first beliefs. Presenting similar ideas regarding risk in dissimilar ways changes perspectives and measures.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychometric Paradigm Research on the psychometric paradigm is centered on the functions of emotion, affect and stigma in controlling risk percept ion (Slovic 284). Slovic in 1987 disputed Starr’s article by exploring expressed preferences, the amount of risk persons say they are ready to accept (281). He discovered that, different from Starr’s fundamental assumption, persons regarded the majority of risks in the humanity as being incongruously high. He also discovered that the space amid involuntary and voluntary risks was not that big, as alleged by Starr. Slovic discovered that it was possible to foretell and measure perceived risk. A person is apt to view present risk levels as inappropriately high for the majority of activities. All conditions held constant, the larger the perception of a gain by persons, the larger the forbearance of the risk (Slovic 284). If an individual acquired satisfaction by using a commodity, persons judged its profits as lofty and its risks as small. If the action was not liked, the verdicts would be the reverse. Exploration in psychometrics has established that risk perception is g reatly dependent on instinct, empirical thinking, and sensation. Psychometric research acknowledged a wide sphere of characteristics that can be reduced to three major factors including the extent to which a risk is comprehended; the extent to which the risk induces a sentiment of dread; and the quantity of persons likely to be impacted by the risk (Slovic 285). A dread risk educes intuitive feelings of fear of disaster and disparity. An indefinite risk is novel and strange to science. The more an individual dreads an action, the more elevated the perceived risk is, and the more that individual desires the risk abridged (Slovic 285). Risk perception study reveals that people’s profound anxieties are connected to the authenticity of widespread adverse media coverage and to a sturdy relationship amid nuclear power and the propagation and employment of nuclear arms (Burton et al. 264). Psychometric study can predict the reaction to technological tools that have the potential to cause strong and importunate public antagonism. However, differences in the span of an individual’s definition of risk can significantly alter the assessment of risk from a range of technological advancements (Slovic et al. 464).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Perception and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Summary of the Main Points Made by Clark Risk is typified by diverse types of fears. The way that persons perceive those types of fears, influences their character. To understand contemporary issues in risk assessment, the historical perspective of social risk assessment is discussed in three segments: the European witch craze in the 16th and 17th centuries; resource management in the field of uncertainty; and drug safety and limits of regulation. I shall discuss each of this separately. The European Witch Craze in the 16th and 17th Centuries Witchcraft and witches have existed si nce time immemorial. For a long time, people regarded their fears of uncertainty as witches (Trevor—Roper 1). The term witches served as a sufficient explanation for the uncontrollable disasters which happened to people’s crops and wellbeing. During that time, the church assumed a cynical and a chiefly academic loom to these beliefs, teaching the distinction between truth and fantasy, and classifying witches directly in the latter group (Schwing and Walter 287). At some point, the lawmakers intervened on the illusions about witches by illegalizing them. Contemporary risk assessors do not harm their colleague residents. Instead, they attempt to insure against witch hunting by use of a systematic approaches to collect and assess proof on risk issues. However, the account of witch hunting puts forward that whatever we may be doing or intending to do in modern risk assessment is likely to be far from what occurs in reality. Thus, the only way that we can identify these inc onsistencies is through modifying the historical perspective, while offering clear grounds for adjustments. Several risk assessments employed today are usually identical with those that were employed by the inquisition. The advantage of the past perspective is that, with retrospection, we are able to realize the disparity and attempt to gain knowledge from it. Currently, there is an aspect of opportunistic vocation in the modern risk assessment society (Schwing and Walter 289). Similar to the past, the present science society is willing to practice its risk assessment actions into regions that are near home. In many aspects, contemporary risk assessment activities are parallel to the European witch craze. Resource Management on the Function of Uncertainty Nothing imaginary or of witch-like nature subsists in the risks experienced through people’s daily associations with water, plants and the entire environment (Clark 1). However, inadequate adjustment can lead to uncertaintie s in the future as well as the explicit and direct consequences of drowning, hunger and burning up. Anthropological research indicates that pre-industrial folk communities adjust to such ecological risks mainly through adaptation in human conduct (Clark 3).Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many a time we adjust to the environment, but still disaster strikes us. For instance, even with a great deal of efforts by the U.S. to manage floods, an insupportable rainfall hit resulting to vast floods (Burton et al. 264). Again, communal health and vaccination crusades have done much good, as they have assisted in the prevention of diseases, especially among children. However, the abridged frequency of ailments brought by vaccination is always accompanied by augmentations of other types of risks. This is so since the efforts to manage ailments introduces alien substances in the composite biological structure. Drug Safety: The Limits of Regulation Medicines, even though they planned to enhance lives, create risks of recognized types. Therefore, the assessment of risks posed by clinical drugs is simpler than other risk conditions. The fundamental actions for risk-benefit judgments of drugs are also soundly recognized. Preliminary testing makes use of broad knowledge and skill on identical products. However, different nations have diverse policies pertaining drugs. In order to make efficient policies of risk management, it is vital to have cautiously planned studies that demonstrate the types of risks that the current testing measures can catch, and the type of risks that they allow to trip. Suitable combinations of risk assessment strategies are not likely to surface from even the most refined thoughts; hence there is the need to carry out adaptive risk management. In the final section of the paper, Clark demonstrates that all traditions place themselves in the antagonism of the unknown and endeavor to conquer or manipulate it, hoping to set up a more unsurprising and less scary world. He stresses the need to take risks in the medical field as well as in other similar fields. The Difference between a Cause and a Mechanism The conventional approach to perceiving actions has been to consider it as a cluster of effects created by preceding causes (Reinout 20). Causes and effects are commonly acknowledged in the shape of events. After a lightning stroke appears, one expects a roll of thunder. In this case, the occurrence of one event results to the occurrence of the other. Causation is characterized by a series of actions (Ashraf 38). Causation depicts the sequence in which actions consistently happen, although it does not engross a depiction of the mechanism that relates cause and effect. Characterizing action in terms of causes and effects is extremely hasty since each novel cause has to be independently allied to its effects (Ashraf 38). The following is an example of a case that can be used to explain a mechanism. As a result of air entering the room from an open window, a thermostat will start the furnace. In case, it was switched off, the current of air makes the thermostat to start the furnace. On further observation, one sees another cause-effect association. In case, it was on, increase in temperature can evoke the thermostat to switch off the furnace. This is parallel to the former cause-effect incident, although the cause and effect are in the reverse routes. More observations confirm several other comprehensive forms of causes and effects, depending on the duration of time that the furnace remains on or off. Chilly climate remote to the house makes the thermostat maintain the furnace activated for longer periods than it maintains the furnace switched off, while mild heat makes the furnace switch off soon after it is switched on, and warm heat makes the thermostat to maintain the furnace switched off all along. The number of causes and effects can be lengthened for an indefinite period, without indication of why any experienced cause has particular effects and without creating any capacity to envisage what a novel sort of cause will occur. For instance, holding a large party in the house or placing a fire in the house will both generate identical effects via the thermostat. Different from a cause, a mecha nism never work merely for definite causes and definite effects; it connects a big number of diverse causes, which are capable of influencing a structure, to the entire end effects that the structure can generate. The example discussed above, of a thermostat’s mechanism, shows the connection between heat from the atmosphere and the on and off condition of a furnace. The connection between these two remains just similar, despite the causes that influence the exterior temperature. From the above association, it is possible to envisage the entire effects that will occur on the furnace. If an individual places fire in the house, it is likely that the furnace will be switched off by the thermostat, as a result of high temperatures. A mechanism involves causes that one may not be able to perform experimentally as they could be harmful (Brooks 39). However, the effects are always obvious. The fact that a house could be on fire would be of no interest to the thermostat. Its interest would be that there is a rise in temperatures, and thus should turn the furnace off. In conclusion, for most citizens, understanding of hazards is usually developed from the news in the media, which scrupulously manuscripts threats and fears happening all over the planet. Risk assessment is important as it enables people to control and manage risks. In some cases, it is important for one to assess the benefits and the risk factors, for instance in the use of vaccines. Finally, the major difference between a cause and a mechanism is that a mechanism connects a big number of diverse causes, which are capable of influencing a structure, to the entire end effects that the structure can generate. Case Damage/Injury/Loss Event Energy Form Mechanism Outcome 1 Death, Physical Injury Linear Motion Boat being smashed Breakage 2 Loss to airlines Ambient condition Snow falling Runways closed 3 Payouts to fishing, tourism industries; Oxidation Fire Ocean covered with fuel 4 Damage Gra vitational Flood Power failure 5 Death Ambient condition Falling into the sea Body grew colder 6 Death Structural strain Failure of supports Collapse of tank 7 Death, Physical Injury Oxidation Solvent heating up Explosion 8 Damage Structural strain Truck stretching cable Breakage 9 Injury Oxidation Mixing Aluminium and Sodium Nitrate Explosion 10 Death Action-Reaction Gun firing People shot Ideas adopted from â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† (12 – 16, 18) In this case, the threat is leakage of gas under pressure from the cover drill hole. This is energy. The energy involved is chemical energy since it involves oxidation of the gas which leads to the explosion. Another threat is the presence of intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment. This is also energy. In this case, the energy involved is electrical potential energy (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 16). The event is ga s leakage from the cover drill hole. An event is described as the moment in time when management is lost against a threat. As a result, assets become vulnerable to the outcomes of the events. In this case, the gas leaking from the cover drill hole proves that control had been lost over the threat, thus making assets (people, the mine, and equipment) vulnerable to the events’ outcomes (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 17). Mechanisms are described as the reasons for the occurrence of an event. For this case, the first mechanism was cover drilling. Cover drilling has the potential of exposing the pressurized gas if the gas leaks from the cover drill hole. The other mechanism involved the leaked gas coming in contact with the intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 17). The most devastating outcome was the explosion that subsequently occurred after the gas had escaped from the cover drill hole. The gas leakage could also lead to respiratory problems to those directly inhaling the escaped gases (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 17 – 19). The consequence of the outcomes could be death to the miners. In this case study, we are informed that 19 people died as a result of the explosion. Another consequence of the outcome could be damage to the mine and the equipment found in the vicinity of the explosion. In the case study, we are informed that there was widespread damage that covered up to 500 m from the core of the explosion (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 19). The assets in this case study included people (the miners), the mine itself and the equipment used in the mine (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 11, 17). Assignment 2 Control Measure Application to the Gas explosion in a mine Eliminate the threat Plug a cover on the cover drill hole to prevent gas leakage. Remove intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment in the mine. Avoid smoking in the mine. Reduce the size of the threat Reinforce the use of gas detectors in the mines. Flush the accumulated gas in the probe pipe of the gas detectors. Reduce the probability that the threat will occur Check the presence of gases in both high and low points of the mine. Remove or redirect the vulnerability pathway Make tunnel layouts, ventilation routes and controls less complex. Protect the asset Stop cover drilling once high gas concentration is detected. Remove the asset from the vulnerability pathway Do not cover drill when there is a high gas concentration in the mine. Adapted from â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 20. 1. Comparing different risks Likelihood Consequence 1 (Insign.) 2 (Minor) 3 (Moderate) 4 (Major) 5 (Catastr.) A (Almost certain) B (Likely) C (Moderate) D (Unlikely) E (Rare) Risk estimation â€Å"matrix† (Adapted from â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 48) Smoking is one of the factors that are almost certain to occur and its consequence is catastrophic. The case study notes that, although it is not allowed to smoke in the mines, the miners are not prevented from smoking by this rule. This makes the factor almost certain to occur. The presence of highly flammable gases in the mines makes the consequence of this activity very catastrophic if the cigarette, or matchstick, or lighter’s flame would come in contact with a flammable gas. The result would be an explosion. It is likely that a gas would escape from the cover drill hole. The consequence of such an action is minor. As noted in the case study, the gas will be intercepted and escapes through the hole in half the number of times cover drilling is done. Although the hole cannot be plugg ed to deny the gas the chance of escaping, it is not likely that this would lead to an explosion. As noted in the case study, explosions have only occurred 12 times in 6 years in the mine. 2. The chosen risks are Effectiveness of existing control measures and the Cost of proposed control changes. Using a scale of 1 to 5 and taking 1 to be ‘good’ and 5 to be ‘as bad as can be’, by addition, the Risk Rank Number of the Effectiveness of existing control measures factor was found to be 21, while that of the Cost of proposed control changes was found to be 5. By ranking all the factors it is possible to find the maximum a risk could be ranked. 3. The combination of all factors by either addition or multiplication proved to be a challenging and confusing task as one had to be very careful when selecting the rank for each factor or when combining the numbers from various scales. It was easy to give each rank its own scale. I. Comparing the same type of risk â€⠀œ â€Å"risk factors† Most of the articles shown are related to health conditions, with a few relating to business or financial matters. Most of those articles relating to health conditions are either discussing risk factors associated with cancer or those factors associated with heart conditions. In both cases, risk factors have been described as things that are have a tendency to increase the likelihood of a certain event taking place. II. As a sports person, the type of risk that that is of interest to me is the risk of losing a match. The risk factors associated with this type of risk include poor preparation before the match; misunderstanding between team members; lack of winning mentality and taking things for granted or being casual. If a does not prepare adequately before a match, it is most likely that that team will lose the game. This leads to misunderstandings between teammates, since there would be inadequate or lack of proper co-ordination. If a team lacks a wi nning mentality, then they would only be playing the match to avoid punishments or just for the sake of it. This is likely to lead to a loss. III. Preparation before a match – absent to excellent Misunderstanding between team members – worst to not present Lack of winning mentality – worst to absent Being casual – worst to not there I. For the explosion to occur; gas should escape from the cover drill hole and come in contact with flames from smoking or intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment. (pA * pBi) + (pA * pBii) = p Where pA is the probability that the gas escapes from the cover drill hole (0.5) pBi is the probability that smoking takes place (0.9) pBii is the probability that intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment will come in contact with the leaked gas (0.9) Therefore p = (0.5 * 0.9) + (0.5 * 0.9) = 0.45 + 0.45 = 0.9 II. Freq Consequence 1 $1,000.00 0.04 $500,000,000.00 III. Frequency, pa Consequence Risk, $pa 1 $500.00 $500. 00 0.6 $5,000.00 $3,000.00 0.35 $50,000.00 $17,500.00 0.2 $500,000.00 $100,000.00 0.11 $5,000,000.00 $550,000.00 0.064 $50,000,000.00 $3,200,000.00 0.04 $500,000,000.00 $20,000,000.00 $23,871,000.00 This is a highly economic alternative in case all the risk costs were covered with the airport operator. On the other hand, most of this accident’s costs, e.g. deaths, hull loss and associated costs were experienced by the air operators. It is also possible that the airport operator could experience the costs. This could happen in case the air operators decided to file a suit against the airport operator since he had failed in providing a secure airport operating structure. In addition, one could inquire whether it was affordable to provide ground radar in principle. A court would have seen this as a minor cost. This is proved by the fact that ground radar was installed after the accident. Therefore, it was affordable and thriftily acceptable to provide ground r adar. Works Cited Ashraf, Mozayan. The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice. New York: Springer, 2010.Print. Brooks, Jamyn. Gravitation, Discovery of its Cause and Mechanism. London: J. W. Arrow Smith, 1977. Print. Burton, Ian, Rachel Kates, and Gerald White. The Environment as a Hazard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. Print. Clark, Williams. â€Å"Lessons for Ecological Policy Design: a Case Study of ecosystem management.† Ecological Modelling 7 (1972): 1-5 Douglas, Mark and Albert Widavsky. Risk and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. Print. Kahneman, Dupe, Paul Slovic, and Andrew Tversky. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Print. Nelkin, Duke. â€Å"The Political Impact of Technical Expertise.† Social Studies of Science 5 (1975): 35-54 Reinout, Willem. The Cause and Mechanism of Igneous Intrusion: With Some Scottish Examples. London: Sage, 1937. Print. Schwing, Ri chard and Walter Albers. Societal Risk Assessment. New York: Planum Press, 1980. Print. Slovic, Paul, Sarah Lichtensten, and Baruch Fischhoff. â€Å"Risk and Environment.† Management Science (1984) 30: 464 Slovic, Paul. â€Å"Perception of Risk.† Science 241(1987): 280-285. â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis.† Swinburne University of Technology Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Science 3/08/ 2011. Print (Lecture notes). Trevor—Roper, Reagan. The European Witch Craze of the 16th and 17th Centuries and other Essays. New York: Harper and Row, 1968. Print. This assessment on Risk Perception and Analysis was written and submitted by user Adr1an to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Diary of Anne Frank essays

Diary of Anne Frank essays Journeying back to the early nineteenth century, when Nazi forces occupied Germany during World War II, the lives of those living in this territory was spent in constant fear and anxiety. The Diary of Anne Frank leads readers through the harsh times of a family trying to escape imprisonment in concentration camps by Nazi soldiers, where death was almost certain. Born on June 12, 1929, Anne Frank was a German-Jewish teenager who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust. She and her family, along with four others, spent 25 months during World War II in an annex of rooms above her father's office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. During the two years in hiding which Anne refers to as "a time when the ideals are being shattered and destroyed, when the worst side of human nature predominates, when every one has come to doubt truth, justice and God (pg.327)." Anne kept a diary that was given to her by her father, Otto Frank, on her birthday. Between June 1942 and August 1944, from Anne's thirteenth birthday until shortly after her fifteenth birthday, Anne recorded her feelings, her emotions, and her thoughts, as well as the events that happened to her. "...[I]deas, dreams, and cherished hopes rise within us only to meet the horrible truth and be shattered...yet in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart (pg. 327)." The diary is an accurate record of the way Anne grows up and matures, in the unfortunate situation she found herself. Given the circumstances in which the novel is written Anne gave a very vivid description of her surroundings and the feelings she encountered throughout her ordeal. The novel displays the grief and frustration that is experienced throughout the time spent in hiding. The emotions of the situation are captured in the text and gives validity to the pain and frustration encountered. D ...

Why social recruiting is the next big thing for recruiters

Why social recruiting is the next big thing for recruiters When you think about what’s changed the job search more than anything else over the past 10 years or so, it’s probably the exponentially growing influence of social media. Job seekers have learned to be more cautious about what they post online (at least they should be), and it’s opened up a whole new pool of recruitment potential for employers. To a certain extent, companies still follow the old recruitment model- put out a job opportunity and the response will include a number of qualified candidates. But more and more, organizations are looking to take advantage of the organic networking of social media to boost their recruiting.This focus on outreach to potential candidates via social platforms like LinkedIn, Facebook, or Twitter is known as â€Å"social recruiting.† This isn’t just posting job ads on sites and hoping for the best- social recruiting is a proactive method for reaching new candidates by searching for profiles with specific qualiti es, interacting with potential candidates on the platform, and letting people know about specific job opportunities. This is a huge growth area for hiring companies and recruiters- in fact, nearly 60% of recruiters rated candidates that came in through social recruiting as â€Å"highest quality,† according to a JobVite survey.So why should companies consider embracing this trend more fully?It’s cost-effectiveJob advertisements are getting more expensive all the time, and the results can be†¦mixed. Social recruiting gives recruiters more control over the talent pool and more visibility into the talent available. Unlike advertising, associated costs (if there are any) are minimal.The right platform can yield great resultsThere are obvious places to start (like  LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook), but more specialized platforms can really step up your recruiting game. For example, if you’re looking for a designer, you might want to try Instagram or other visua lly-oriented social media platforms.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});It’s an update on word-of-mouth hiringReferrals are a time-honored way to bring in good candidates for a particular job- someone who knows what’s required of the job (an employee or colleague) refers someone he or she knows who might be a good fit. The â€Å"insider track† helps narrow the field, but it also yields high-quality results. Plus, the eventual turnover rate is lower, as referred employees have a turnover rate of about 13%, versus 19% for employees hired through more traditional recruitment channels. The difference here is that the â€Å"referrer† is the candidate’s publicly searchable information.It reflects the changing workforceThe early adopters of social media, Millennials, are now the largest segment of the American workforce. Social recruiting signals a willingness to meet these potential employees on their own terms in an incre asingly digital landscape. Facebook is currently the most popular platform among this group, but developing a strong social recruiting platform now means being able to adjust to whatever social networks come next.It makes recruiting more active, less passiveBeing able to reach out directly to potential candidates is an advantage. Job seekers spend a lot of time and energy building and refining their online presence in the hopes of getting that next big opportunity. Companies who go looking for candidates are able to find these savvier, well-prepared candidates faster and more efficiently, rather than waiting for them to come through a traditional pipeline.Social recruiting is the wave of the future because it makes sense for recruiters who want to find the best candidates while making the most of their recruitment resources. It’s an opportunity for people on both sides (job seekers and job fillers) to work together to make the hiring process a better, more informed propositio n for everyone involved.

Do we live in a celebrity-dominated consumer culture Essay

Do we live in a celebrity-dominated consumer culture - Essay Example "They should not be treated as fodder." But that's exactly how they are treated. MTV executives deny it, but when their young subjects vie for space with J-Lo and Jolie on the covers of People and Us Magazine, it's hard to say the shows aren't glamorizing teen motherhood. At a time when poorer, less educated teens in the U.S. are statistically more at risk of having children out of wedlock, this drive for market share feels predatory and seedy and feeds right into an American culture beset by narcissistic, self-destructive behavior† Tafaro, E. A., & Zuccarello, F. (2012, July-August). Chopped Chef: Celebrity Chefs Have Become Big Business. Not Having Adequate Disability Insurance for Them Can Be a Recipe for Disaster. Risk Management, 59(6), 16+. "If you are a Baby Boomer, you probably remember the cooking show The French Chef. Filmed live and uncut, you could hear the pots and pans bang, oven doors squeak, and chef Julia Child's singsong patter about life in the kitchen. It wa sn't terribly exciting, but Child became a pop-culture icon and was in many ways the first true celebrity chef. But somewhere along the way that tiny kitchen on Julia Child's low-budget set became "Kitchen Stadium" on Food Network's popular Iron Chef series. It became a place where chefs enter a culinary arena like gourmet gladiators, accompanied by blaring music, blinding lights that could illuminate an airport runway and the almost surreal sight of a man hoisting a $100,000 camera on his back while zooming in on the perfect close-up of a stick of butter melting in a frying pan. Today's celebrity chefs are treated like rock stars because they get paid like rock stars, led by Gordon Ramsay... This "Do we live in a celebrity-dominated consumer culture?" essay outlines how media change our values and our consumer needs. "Blum notes, however, that critical demands for "more realistic" media images are ineffectual: "To imagine that there are people who could change the images if they wanted to is to misunderstand the embeddedness of the image producers in a cultural machinery that they don't run but instead merely service. For them, as well as us, the linage and beauty are coextensive" (p. 65). Feminist calls for resistance to the beauty myth are no better, for there is no way to step outside the cultural frame and distinguish between genuine desires and those that are merely distortions of consumer capitalism. Blum cautions that in fact, "[w]e need to transcend feminist criticisms of body practices that can wind up being as shaming as the physical imperfections that drove us to beautify in the first place" (p. 63). I find little to disagree with in this analysis, as fer as i t goes, but find it strange that there is so little explicit consideration of the role of patriarchal structures in the increasingly high demands for feminine beauty. Although it's true that more men seek cosmetic surgery than ever before, Blum offers little discussion of how the need for male approval may influence women's choices to seek surgery. (And having recently read several devastating feminist critiques of the popularity of "labia reduction" and "vaginal rejuvenation" surgeries, I can't help but wonder what Blum's take on those procedures would be.)"

Instructional Strategies Concept Research Paper

Instructional Strategies Concept - Research Paper Example He agreed to work with Dr. Cynthia for designing an instructional material with a list of suggestions and delivery method of the same. However, according to the study, Clifford, the experienced instruction designer found Dr. Cynthia to be his toughest client in his career. He faced a number of difficulties in designing the material and till date he has not been able to complete any normal ID task of his (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). Challenges faced by the instructional designers Clifford lacked the essential data of learner’s characteristics, which is the most important information an instruction designer needs to develop the pattern of instruction (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). Most designers put stress on learners and learning outcomes prior to the designing of instruction. The learning process complexities and several critical human dimensions are required to be understood by designers which come into play. Learners carry a wealth of experiences and traits with them to a training setting or education that play a significant part in measuring the success of the instruction. It also includes normal profile factors that tell about the learners’ background, capability and several attitudinal factors. Many of these factors have notable impacts on the learners’ motivation to learn. A basket of prerequisite skills and knowledge are also brought by the learners to the instructional setting. These entry skills are highly related to the content of a particular instructional experience (Richey, James, Klein, and Tracey, 2010. p.170). The second problem faced by Clifford was regarding contextual analysis. In spite of having four meetings with Oakes, Clifford could not gather the necessary important information that could help him during contextual analysis (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). Contextual analysis plays a key role in designing and developing instructions for learning. Instructional context provides rich data about real world scenario and examples. There are few reasons that necessitate analysis of context. First, every aspect of the leaning experiences is influenced by context. Second, Context as a collection of factors can facilitate or inhibit instruction and learning. Third, multiple contexts can be required a by single classroom. For example, sixth grade students might need to do survey in neighboring historical buildings, do research in computer lab and in historic society and arrange a meeting in a hallway in a pro blem based learning approach. An instructional designer should analyze three types of contexts. They are orienting context where learner is focused primarily, instructional context that suggests about the scheduling and physical environment of the training and another is transfer context, which enables the opportunities for transferring the skills and knowledge to new situations (Morrison, Ross, Kalman, and Kemp, 2011, pp.65-66). Although Clifford did have his notes and resources from the four meetings with Oaks, but it just did seem remotely related to his assignment (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). As a result, he could not create an objective domain. Objective domains are classifications or categories of objectives that helps instructional designers for determining several important elements of design. There are four domains of objective such as, cognitive, affective, psychomotor and interpersonal. These help designers to determine how to structure evaluations, objectives and delivery system. For an example, an instructional designer was working on training system for technicians for repairing a certain type of computer. It might require usage all the four domains. Such as,

Law with Tort of Negligence Essay Example for Free

Law with Tort of Negligence Essay The application is under s1 sale of goods act there is a contract form between me and Mandela where I have agreement, intention and consideration to buy the armchair from Mandela, thus contract is form. Besides that, armchair is considered goods and there is consideration of money where I paid Mandela for $1500 and lastly there is also transfer of property where I paid $1500 for the armchair from his shop. Hence, in conclusion the armchair that I purchased is under Sale of Goods Act. Another issue in the question is whether we can insist Tyson (owner) compensate me for $500 that I (buyer) spent on fixing the chair and either return the chair and insist upon a refund, specifically under consumer guarantees s 55 fitness for purpose? In the question the law would be s 55 ‘there is an implied guarantee that where the buyer expressly or by implication makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, and shows that judgment and seller, the goods must be reasonable fit for purpose’, based on the case Grant v Australia Knitting Mills and Wallis v Russell. In the question Tyson has breach s 55 fitness for purpose where he is selling furniture in his Classic Antiques Store but the furniture that he sell are fragile. In s 55 there is certain condition we must satisfy. First, buyer must express or the seller has known the buyer particular purpose for the goods they required. Second, has the buyer relied on the seller’s skill or judgment? Third, are the goods of a description which it is in the course of the seller’s business to supply? And lastly, has the buyer ordered the goods under their trade name so that it is clear there is no reliance on the skill of judgment of the seller? Based on the condition above, I had satisfied all the condition, where I express to Mandela (salesperson) that I want to use the armchair as my new house furniture. On the other hand, Mandela stated that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. ’ Hence, I relied on his judgment and bought the armchair. Moreover, Tyson business are selling furniture’s where the armchair is considered as a furniture, thus it is also satisfied goods are descriptive under the course of the seller’s business. Lastly, although I didn’t buy the armchair based on the trade name, but I rely on the skill or judgment by Mandela. In conclusion, the seller has breach all the criteria in s 55 and under s 261 consumer have the right to choose either a refund or replacement of the products if supplier fail to fulfill with consumer guarantee, as a result I can insist Tyson compensate me for $500 for fixing the chair and also can return the chair and insist upon a refund. Â  Based on the question, the issues would be based on Mandela’s statement that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. You will be used it safely for many years. Will it lead consumers to believe that it can be used as furniture and can be used safely for many years, specifically under consumer guarantees s 18 Misleading or Deceptive conduct? In the question, the law would be s 18 where ‘A corporation shall not engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive’, based on the case of Eveready Australia Pty Ltd v Gillette Australia Pty Ltd ,Henjo Investment Pty Ltd amp; Ors v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd and Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd. In the application, there are 3 elements which must fulfill breach of s 18. First of all, Mandela engage in conduct with me that the armchair is safe and can be used for many years more which imply a false representation of the fact to me where the armchair was actually fragile. Furthermore, I purchase the armchair under trade and commerce whereby under mutual communication, and I negotiated 30minutes orally with Mandela (salesperson) to sell me the armchair with $1500. Moreover, Mandela conduct was misleading or deceptive where he stated he sits on the armchair all the time where he actually doesn’t sit on it and the fact that the chair was actually fragile. Refer to Taco Bell to determine whether the conduct is misleading or deceptive that there are certain criteria to justify whether they are mislead or deceived. First, the conduct is based on me which is justified the targeted by the conduct of the defendant. The time I was in Tyson’s shop, Mandela forms an erroneous conclusion to me, that the armchair is safe and can be used as furniture where it was not the fact. Hence, proves the conduct by Mandela skilled of being misleading or deceptive. In conclusion, Mandela has breach the 3 elements in s 18 of ACL for misleading and deceptive. Based on the question, Tyson is the owner of the shop (Principle), Mandela is the store manager and also salesperson (Agent) and I am the buyer (Third Party). In the question the issue is whether or not Mandela had authority to sell the chair at that price under Agency scope of an agent’s authority? Law is express authority where the agreement is created between agent and principal in the w ritten or oral form based on the case John McCann amp; Co v Pow. In addition, apparent authority is also applied here where the principle, either by words or conduct, may leads to third party mistaken to believe that an agent has authority to act on the principle’s behalf, based on the case Tooth amp; Co v Laws. Moreover, duty of agent where the agent must follow the lawful and reasonable instruction of the principle and be honest in performing the job is set by the principle’, based on the case Bertram, Armstrong amp; Co v Godfray. Hence in the application, Mandela has breach express authority under agency where he doesn’t follow the oral agreement by Tyson to sell the armchair for at least $3500 and he sold the armchair for me with $1500. Besides that, under apparent authority, Tyson either by words or conduct leads me to believe that Mandela has authority to contract on their behalf and I couldn’t know Tyson has instructed Mandela to sell the armchair for at least $3500. Based on the question, the issue is whether I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim compensation? The law tort of negligence was recognized in the case Donoghue v Stevenson where the plaintiff must establish that, the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, the defendant breached that duty, and lastly the plaintiff suffered damage as a result of the breach in tort of negligence. Hence in the application, Tyson (defendant) has owed a duty of care to me (plaintiff) based on the test and relationship. All the risk in the shop must be reasonable foreseeable, however the armchair was not reasonable foreseeable where the armchair looked nice but actually was fragile, even though Tyson does put a sign on the wall of the shop mention that ‘Please do not sit on the chair-fragile- considered sold if damaged’ but as a furniture shop, customers might need to try or test the quality of the products. In addition, there is a vulnerable relationship where Tyson hires Mandela as a manager and salesperson to control the shop, and I was reliant on Mandela, thus Mandela has the duty to protect my safety in the shop. Hence, Tyson has breach duty of care under magnitude of the risk of likelihood of the occurrence where the armchair was not covered or blocked to prevent customer sitting on it which same case as Bolton v Stone. Thus, he had fail to exercise the required standard of care due to the armchair being fragile and I sit on it, the chair had collapsed under my weight and has been injured when I fell to the floor. Hence, I have suffered damage due to the chair collapsed and I fell to the floor. However, Tyson have defenses to negligence under voluntary assumption of the risk where the plaintiff had full and absolute knowledge of the risk where defendant had actually put the sign on the wall that said ‘please do not sit on the chair- fragile- considered sold if damaged’. Besides that, the plaintiff had sufficient appreciation of that particular risk where plaintiff had saw the sign on the wall but ignore the sign. Lastly, there was voluntarily acceptance of that risk as the plaintiff knew the chair were fragile but doesn’t care and sit on the chair. Hence, at defendant point of view plaintiff should bear the risk. In conclusion, as I am the plaintiff I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim for compensation, because Tyson should need to be more aware and cover or block the fragile furniture instead of just putting a sign on the wall due to customer might ignore the sign and sit on the chair.

Iago the Conniver in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Iago the Conniver in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   If there were more than one evil presence in Shakespeare’s Othello who had the intensity of Iago, the play would be unbearably pessimistic. Let us examine the character who is unexcelled in his evil ways.    Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes expounds on the self-centered philosophy of Iago:    To Iago love is merely â€Å"a lust of the blood and a permission of the will†. Self-love, which is in the thinking of   Shakespeare’s day the mother of all vices, is the only love that Iago respects. [. . .] It is thus that the villain is defined. Will is directed to the gaining of ends set by passion and judged by reason. The passion which escapes reason the leads men on to their destruction is the passion which marks the tragic hero. But the passion which sets the ends and has the means judged by reason is the passion which we have already seen is mortal sin. And such is the passion that has brought the judgment and the will into its service in Iago and the other villains. (157)    Is there any doubt as to how vital Iago is to the narrative of the play? Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† elaborates on Iago’s exact function and place in the play:    . . . Iago ruins Othello by insinuating into his mind the question, ‘How do you know?’ The tragic experience with which this play is concerned is loss of faith, and Iago is the instrument to bring Othello to this crisis of his being. His task is made possible by his being an old and trusted companion, while husband and wife are virtually strangers, bound only by passion and faith; and by the fact that great joy bewilders, leaving the heart apt to doubt the reality of its joy. The strange and... ...ho Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.   

Gender Role in Triffles Essay

The roles and rights of women in the Victorian era up to nineteen hundreds differ drastically from where women stand today. In the play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, females are portrayed to be an insignificant part of society compared to the importance of males. Susan Glaspell’s play Trifles is a murder mystery type of play that discovers and analyzes gender roles and corrupt relationships due to the Victorian time period. The typical stereo type for women in the nineteen hundreds was being nothing but a housewife. A good house wife in this time was considered to have children, take care of the children and clean the house, and there not much more to it. In the nineteen hundreds women did not have many career options, they had almost none. Women’s education was not seen as an important thing to promote. Stated by Helen Nickson in the article Life of Women in the Victorian Era, â€Å"The only role of women in the Victorian era was to get married and look after the homely chores – The ladies did not do things themselves but told others what to do. They were just supposed to marry and raise children. The women of lower class worked in the factories, garment industries, laundries or various other jobs to support themselves.†. Women were treated more like an object or a servant rather than a person or spouse. One of the main characters in the play Trifles named Hale states a short simple statement that when looked into, states a strong opinion. Hale states to another male in the play, â€Å"Well, women are used to worrying over trifles.†. This statement shows how the men in this day thought women lacked common sense or intelligence. When trying to investigate the murder in this story, the men took no part of the women’s opinions. Women’s rights have come a long way since the Victorian Era. Women had little say in just about everything whether it had to do with marriage decisions or political things. Set up marriages were a common thing women had no say in. In today’s world women can vote, support themselves and choose who they marry. Some people wouldn’t believe the simple rights women have today were fought for way back when even in the nineteen hundreds. Women had little almost no career options in the Victorian Era. The few career choices were only for single women who needed to support themselves, if one was a house wife that was there life. Men had high expectations of their own wife’s classiness and manners in public places in the nineteen hundreds. Many males were very judgmental, much in like the play Trifles, of any opinion from a women back in the day. In an online article by Rachael Hurvitz, she states â€Å"For Victorians, divorce was not only extremely expensive, it was very hard to do. Women and men stayed in unhappy marriages for numerous reasons. Many stayed away from divorce because of the stigma attached to divorced women. It was also considered a societal taboo†. Women feared divorcing the one they were married to strictly due to the opinions of others in society. In Trifles a woman ends up murdering her own husband, rather than divorcing. The investigators don’t suspect her at first strictly because she is a wife and a female. When another female suggests that the husbands wife could be a possibility, the men just laughed to each another. Before women had fought for their rights, they lacked respect from society. Women have come a long way today, now having equal rights to anything men can do, including career choices and political voting. Works Cited Glaspel, SusanTrifles Literature: Eleventh Edition Nickson, Helen. â€Å"Life of Women in the Victorian Era.† Web.: http://ezinearticles.com/?Life-of-Women-in-the-Victorian-Era&id=2359711 Hurvitz, Rachael â€Å"Women and Divorce in the Victorian Era† http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/agunn/teaching/enl3251/vf/pres/hurvitz.htm

Marketing Test Questions

1. The promotional mix is the combination of promotional tools used to reach the target market and fulfill the organization's overall goals. a. True b. False 2. When a marketer sends a message to the target market, the marketer must first decode the symbols used. c. True d. False 3. Even though a message is received, it will not necessarily be properly decoded; receivers interpret messages based on their own frames of reference. e. True f. False 4. All promotions are designed to either inform, persuade, or reinforce the target audience. g. True h. False 5.The promotional mix consists of: i. advertising, publicity, direct marketing, and personal selling j. public relations, direct marketing, personal selling, and publicity k. product, promotion, price, and place l. advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and public relations m. advertising, telemarketing, public relations, and sales promotions 6. Which of the following statements about advertising is true? n. The total costs o f advertising are typically low. o. The signs on the outsides of buses and taxis are not a form of advertising. p.The cost per contact in advertising is low. q. Innovative media are not used in advertising. r. Advertising is any form of communication in which the sponsor is identified. 7. Public information (that the company did not pay for) about a company, good, or service appearing in the mass media as a news item is: s. personal selling t. advertising u. mass communications v. publicity w. sales promotion 8. _____ consists of all marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchasing such as coupons, contests, free samples, and trade shows. x. Sales promotion y. Publicity . Personal Selling {. Advertising |. Sponsorship 9. In 2006, GM unveiled a GM Fuel Price Protection Program that caps the per-gallon price consumers pay for gas at $1. 99 when they purchase select 2006 and 2007 GM full-size utility and mid-size cars. This is an example of _____ designed to stimulate consumer b uying. }. A sales promotion ~. A public relations activity . Advertising . An implicit communication . Personal selling 10. Communication to large audiences, usually through a medium such as television or a newspaper, is called _____ communication. . Feedback-proof Referential . Interpersonal . Mass . Public 11. The communication process consists of: . Message, media, and transmittal . Source, receiver, and channel . Sender, receiver, and message . Encoding, decoding, channel, sender, receiver, noise, and feedback . Comprehension, noise, and feedback 12. _____ is the conversion of the sender's ideas and thoughts into a message. . Decoding . Envelopment . Processing . Development . Encoding 13. _____ is anything that interferes with, distorts, or slows the transmission of information. . Media communication . Feedback Static . Nonpersonal communication . Noise 14. Advertising competes for two things. These two things are: . ________________b. _________________ 15. There are three typ es of Product Advertising. They are: . ________________b. _________________ c. ___________________ 16. _____ sales promotions are targeted toward the ultimate end-user market. . Facilitating . Intermediary . Pull . Consumer . Trade 17. _____ advertising is used to keep a familiar brand name in the public's mind and to refresh the consumers on the brand’s uses, characteristics, and benefits. Advocacy . Pioneer . Reinforcement . Reminder . Comparative 18. In class we briefly talked about an acronym used in discussions about promotions. The acronym, AIDA, stands for: . Attitude-Interest-Demand-Activity . Attention-Interest-Desire-Action . Awareness-Intent-Demand-Action . Avoidance-Interest-Desire-Acceptance . Attitudes-In-Developing-Acquisitions 19. A manufacturer using the _____ promotional strategy focuses its promotional efforts on the consumer. . Reinforcement . Personal selling . Push . Pull . Kinetic 20.Firms that adopt a push promotion strategy focus their message at inte rmediaries in order to get them to carry the product, rather than at the end consumer. . True . False 21. Comparative advertising is: . like a mirror because it compares all negative and positive features of both products . like a shotgun in that it compares multiple features of two products . like a rifle in that it only compares a single benefit or advantage . only used by companies at the highest level of the pyramid of corporate responsibility . sed to compare two or more competing brands on one or more specific attributes. 22. Aston Martin is a common brand of car driven by the British agent James Bond. Aston Martin paid to have its vehicle featured in these movies. This is an example of: . Advertising . A sales promotion . Paid-for public relations . Product placement . Lobbying 23. In a 2008 movie starring the hilarious Jim Carrey, Red Bull was reference multiple times. This is another example of _______________ and _________________ is the movie’s title. . Advertising and Dumb and Dumber . Puffery and How the Grinch Stole Christmas Customer deceit and The Cable Guy . Product placement and Yes Man . Product placement and Liar Liar 24. Which of the following is not an element of the marketing mix. . Product . Place . Primary Demand . Promotion . Price 25. One of the purposes of promotion is to stimulate demand. What are they? . __________________b. ____________________ 26. This type of demand focuses on making potential customers aware of the general product category. . __________________ 27. This type of demand focuses on making potential customers aware of specific benefits provided by a particular brand/product. ___________________ 28. Based on the results from a recent study, and posted in an article on cnet. com, advertising revenue from Google for the first 6 months of 2012 exceeded that of print media. According to this study, Google brought in how much revenue from ads for this period? . ___________________ 29. Both advertising and public relations (PR) are types of non-personal communication. However, the main difference is advertising is _____________ whereas PR is ________________. 30. According to the course syllabus, Exam #4 is scheduled for what day? . _____________________

Mali Empire in Africa History Essay Sample

Mali Empire in Africa History Essay Sample Mali Empire in Africa History Essay Example Mali Empire in Africa History Essay Example Looking at Africa today one is likely to believe that civilization, governance and trade are new concepts introduced probably in the late 19th with the advent of colonialism. Africa was the most underdeveloped region in the world. In terms of civilization, though they have made progress in the use of technology especially mobile phones, the other sectors remain largely infant or nonexistent. In the 21st century the largest income earner and highest contributor to the GDP of most African economies remains to be agriculture. These are centuries after the agrarian revolution. Trade in most African countries is restricted to their former colonial masters with hardly any interstate trade going on. As for governance most African countries are young democracies, some of them were suffering from cruel dictatorship and others locked in never ending civil wars. The current situation is not a true representation of the African continent before the 15th century. On the contrary historical and ar chaeological evidence present a totally different picture. Medieval Africa was almost at par with the rest of the world as far as civilization is concerned. There existed many African Kingdoms and Empires that were governed properly complete with ministries and trade and foreign policies. These empires often formed as a result of military conquest, traded with other empires in Africa and also out of Africa with people in continents like Asia; they traded with Arabs and Chinese people and Europe with the Spaniards and the Portuguese. These empires were at the forefront of developing and using technology and their citizens lived quality lives for that period of time. This paper studies the rise and fall of the empires that thrived on the western coast of Africa before the 15th with a specific focus on the Mali Empire. The work discusses the factors that led to the rise of Mali Empire taking into account economical, geographical and political factors. It also examines how the above asp ects led to the decline and eventual collapse of the Mali Empire. Brief History of Early Kingdoms in Africa In medieval Africa, most people were either farmers, hunters and gatherers or livestock keepers. Their economic activities dictated where they settled. For instance, farmers settled in area with fertile lands and adequate water supply either through rainfall or close to water bodies such as ocean and lakes. Hunters and gatherers settled in areas near forests or grasslands where wild animals could be found easily. The herders preferred grasslands with adequate pasture for their animals. Economic activities were determined by the people’s tribes. Hence individuals of one tribe would settle together in an area, which favored their economic activity. As people settled, their numbers increased due to reproduction and often they would fight for the available resources. As a result of these conflicts, they needed someone to mediate and solve them. This led to the development of governance (McKissack, 1994: 190). They thus selected a person, in most cases the individual was a religiou s leader to mediate and gradually this person became the political chief. As people believed the religious gifts were hereditary, often the sibling of the religious persona would succeed him as a leader of the people. These tiny organizations normally grew in size to form kingdoms with kings and even a council of elders to advise the king in the governing of the people. They would further be divided into chiefdoms headed by chiefs who were the king’s representatives in the chiefdoms. It was possible to find many such kingdoms existing concurrently in an area, living as neighbors and intermarrying and even trading (Mann, 1996: 67). Over time one of the kings may develop a larger, more organized army whose military power exceeded those of the other kingdoms. Such a king would engage military warfare against his neighbors conquering them. In so doing he would force the other kings to pay allegiance to him; they would continue to rule their kingdoms as before, only this time they had to pay a fixed amount of revenue to him (McBrewster 85). The revenue came from the products produced in the kingdoms. The king of the strong kingdom hence merged a number of small kingdoms to form an empire and he became an emperor. Most empires then continued with the expansion by acquiring land and people from other kingdoms and through economic activities such as trade they grew in might. Most empires collapsed when due to weak governance or civil strife the individual kingdoms fought and achieved their independence. Many such kingdoms existed in Africa from the north to the south and to the east and west. To the east, kingdoms suc h as the Buganda kingdom flourished, the south had kingdoms such as the Zimbabwe Kingdom and the west had several great kingdoms including; Ghana, Mali and Songhai Kingdoms. The Mali Kingdom followed the above pattern and its rise and fall is discussed below. The Rise of the Mali Kingdom The rise of the Mali Kingdom was facilitated by a number of factors, which cut across all sectors ranging from geographical, political and economic factors. Geographical factors that led to the rise of the Mali Kingdom Mali had several geographical advantages over Ghana and the other kingdoms that enabled it to grow. First its proximity to the river Niger improved its transport system. This is as with the river, using canoes they were able to move not only more goods but also bulky ware that they would not have been able to if they had relied on then available transport means of horses, donkeys and oxen. The river also increased the pace of their transportation as it is faster that the beasts of burden used for those purposes. Transporting more goods and at a faster rate increased the volume of their trade and hence the capital available to them for expansion enabling it to rise as an empire. Another geographical position that enabled Mali to rise as an empire was its location on the lower banks of river Niger. The latter flooded periodically depositing fertile silt its banks. The silt was fertile facilitating the growth of crops. The river also provided water for the crops planted and hence the Mali Kingdom had adequate food supply. They also traded in food crops. With adequate food the empire could focus on other aspects of growth as they were spared of the severe bangs of hunger leading to starvation that affected the other kingdoms (Conrad, 2005: 93). Mali Kingdom unlike Ghana had actual gold mines in the Kingdom at Bumbuk and Bure. Hence increases its revenue from gold not just from transporting and facilitating its trade but also from the actual exploitation through selling of the gold that they mined. This helped them develop a stronger economy facilitating its rise. The trade routes for the Trans Saharan trade shifted eastwards and hence they fell in the Mali Kingdom. This leads to the rise of Mali as the empire, thus gaining a lot of revenue from the trade through the taxation of the traders. Revenue is important as it was used to support and fund the military and the royalty governing the empire enabling it to conquer more regions and hence rise. Political factors that led to the rise of the Mali Empire Several political factors led to the rise of Mali as an empire. The key among them includes the collapse of the Ghana Kingdom. When the Ghana kingdom collapsed, the individual kingdoms attained their independence and Mali was one of them. Together the Kingdoms were unassailable and strong but on their own they were weak and could easily be captured. When Mali gathered a sizeable army and the support of a few of its neighbors it became the strongest among the weak Kingdoms and was hence able to conquer them to submission thereby leading to its growth as an empire. If the Kingdom of Ghana had not collapsed then Mali would not have risen as an empire (Mann, 1996: 118). Another political factor that led to the rise of Mali as a Kingdom was the cruel leadership of Somanguru. The latter had ceased power upon the collapse of the Ghana Kingdom. He was cruel and ruled in a tyrannical manner killing people carelessly. When Sundiata a Mandinka prince was approached he accepted to rule the military and he did so successfully winning the battle of Kirina (McKissack.1994:77). That act united several kingdoms to the upper banks of the Niger River, which later became the Mali Empire. Hence that act led to the rise of the Mali. The governance of Mali Kingdom also led to its growth. This is so because under the Mansa (emperor) Sundiata came up with an efficient organizational structure that facilitated proper governance hence leading to Mali’s rise. Under this structure, the kings that had sworn allegiance to him and his descendants were appointed as commanders, they ruled their own kingdoms just as before, but this time they paid tribute to the empire. He also established a parliament like organization. This organization called the Gabra decided on the cases and the rules for the empire (McKissack, 1994: 91). He also initiated land reforms in that he divided land portions ensuring people owned land within the empire. He came up with documentation that regulated the interrelationships between people. This effectively reduced the conflicts in the region. Some other reforms initiated by Sundiata included proper and humane treatment of slaves and the prisoners in the kingdom. These led to the rise of the kingdom. Another emperor Mansa Musa also effected political changes that facilitated the rise of Mali Kingdom to reach its peak. Musa made political changes such as dividing the entire into administrative units that can be liked to provinces. He then appointed rulers for these provinces. The latter were further broken down to towns ruled by the equivalent of today’s mayors who were called â€Å"mochrif† (Conrad, 2005: 174) . Mansa Musa also led to the rise of the empire by expanding its territories far into the west. He did this by establishing a huge well trained army, which was used to expand the territory of the empire. It was also used for peace keeping in that whenever there was a rebellion in any of the small kingdoms, the army would be sent to quell it hence facilitating the rise of the Mali Empire. The army also facilitated trade by protecting the traders as they engaged in the trade and as they traded. Another political factor that led to the rise of the Mali Empire was the fact that the kingship was hereditary. Upon the death of one king, succession disputes were reduced by the fact that people knew his heir to the throne. This prevented power vacuums as people tried to choose a new leader. Smooth transition of power was a key factor in facilitating the prosperity of the nation. Except if a few cases where the heirs were overthrown. All the above factors led to the rise of the Mali Empire (McBr ewster, 2009: 29). Economic factors that led to the rise of the Mali Empire The Mali Kingdom like the other kingdoms in West Africa, though established by military conquest, thrived on trade. Therefore, economic factors played a big role in their rise and subsequent falls. In the Mali Kingdom the economic aspects that led to its rise include presence of such minerals as gold, copper and salt. Mali Empire has three gold mines within its borders. These facilitated the trade in gold. It improved the gold trade of the Mali Empire beyond that of Ghana Kingdom. The Empire also had other minerals such as bronze and copper. The latter was mined and traded in Takedda (Conrad, 2005: 245). Agriculture is another economic activity that enabled Mali to flourish. Through it Mali was able to trade in agricultural products like rice. The Niger River economically facilitated the growth of Mali, thus helping people transport goods along the trading routes that it passed through. Another economic factor leading to the growth of Mali kingdom was its location along the trade routes. Some of Mali’s major towns were located conveniently along the trade routes enabling them and hence the empire to grow. For instance, Taghaza town where people traded in salt. In Takedda people exchanged copper for gold. The government also had effective economic policies that led to the rise of the Mali Empire. The policies included taxation. The government taxed all the people trading in the Empire as well as ones who brought gold into the empire. This provided them with adequate funds to properly run the empire hence facilitating its growth (Mann, 1996: 105). The government intervened economically to stimulate the growth of the empire through the implementation of the monetary policy. This is evident that the empire or the place was the only custodian of gold. They received all mined gold and exchanged it for gold dust. This action prevented inflation and hence led to the rise of the Mali Empire, which had a good foreign policy, especially during the reign of Mansa Musa (McKissack, 1994: 87). This was because when he made the pilgrimage to mecca passing across Egypt and other countries he displayed his affluence and generosity attracting a lot of people. He made the rest of the world realize the existence of Mali and came to trade with them, thus resulting to high volumes of trade. He also personally brought scholars and doctors among other experts from around the world revolutionizing Timbuktu into a learning town. This attracted a lot of visitors, especially from North Africa and Asia, and hence improved the revenue of the country leadi ng to its rise. During Mansa Musa’s reign, Mali reached its peak; it was at its largest size about one point two million square kilometers. It had the largest trade volume and military strength. The Fall of Mali Empire Just like the Ghana Kingdom before it and The Songhai Empire after it, the Mali Empire fell, though it was gradual. Just like the rise, the fall of the Mali Empire is attributable to economic, geographical and political factors. The main political aspect leading to the collapse of the Mali Empire was succession. Upon the death of Mansa Musa the empire lacked a strong leader (McKissack, 1994: 74). His sons fought over the succession, since each of them desired to be the ruler. As a result, they fragmented the kingdom into smaller kingdoms. The latter also wanted their freedom as they desire to participate in the trading of gold and salt and to reap direct benefits. They thus revolted. Without an organized strong army to quell the rebellion, they succeeded in declaring and establishing their independence. Some of this Kingdoms such as the Songhai actually acquired enough military strength to conquer towns in the original Mali kingdom such as Goa and Timbuktu. Aside from political facto rs, economic and geographical ones also led to the fall of the Mali Empire (McBrewster, 2009: 109). New goldmines were discovered to the east and the trade shifted eastwards. As the economic base of the Mali Empire was gold, the shift hurt the economy leading to the eventual fall and final collapse of the Mali Kingdom. Conclusion The Mali Empire lasted several centuries. It was on an upward trajectory from the early eleventh century to the late 15th when its fall began. Factors such as good governance, favorable economic conditions and proper geographical location led to its rise. Its fall was caused by poor governance and a change in economic patterns. It had a structure similar to those of the other West African Kingdoms with an Emperor at the head and kings at the provincial level. At its peak it was the second largest empire in the whole world and was a model of civilization. Through the use of iron in the daily lives for purposes such as farming and fighting (spears) it achieved the success that had never been attained before. Its collapse however, was as a result of majorly poor governance. From this paper we can learn that authority is the key ingredient to a successful nation. Despite examples from Mali and Ghana subsequent Kingdoms in West Africa also fell as a result of poor governance and greed for power. Even in the 21st century African countries continue suffering from poor governance.